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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>25 Recap @ 301 | Geographic data science reproducible teaching resource in R Lecture materials</title>
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="25 Recap @ 301 | Geographic data science reproducible teaching resource in R Lecture materials" />
<meta name="author" content="Stefano De Sabbata" />
<meta name="date" content="2020-01-15" />
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<ul class="summary">
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Preface</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="0.1" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html#session-info"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>0.1</b> Session info</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1" data-path="about-this-module.html"><a href="about-this-module.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1</b> About this module</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.1" data-path="about-this-module.html"><a href="about-this-module.html#about-this-module-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.1</b> About this module</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.2" data-path="about-this-module.html"><a href="about-this-module.html#r-programming-language"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.2</b> R programming language</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3" data-path="about-this-module.html"><a href="about-this-module.html#suggested-schedule"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3</b> Suggested schedule</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.4" data-path="about-this-module.html"><a href="about-this-module.html#reference-books"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.4</b> Reference books</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2" data-path="r.html"><a href="r.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2</b> R</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1" data-path="r.html"><a href="r.html#r-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1</b> R</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2" data-path="r.html"><a href="r.html#interpreting-values"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2</b> Interpreting values</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3" data-path="r.html"><a href="r.html#basic-types"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3</b> Basic types</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4" data-path="r.html"><a href="r.html#numeric-operators"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4</b> Numeric operators</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5" data-path="r.html"><a href="r.html#logical-operators"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5</b> Logical operators</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.6" data-path="r.html"><a href="r.html#variables"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.6</b> Variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.7" data-path="r.html"><a href="r.html#algorithms-and-functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.7</b> Algorithms and functions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.8" data-path="r.html"><a href="r.html#functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.8</b> Functions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.9" data-path="r.html"><a href="r.html#functions-and-variables"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.9</b> Functions and variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.10" data-path="r.html"><a href="r.html#naming"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.10</b> Naming</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.11" data-path="r.html"><a href="r.html#coding-style"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.11</b> Coding style</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.12" data-path="r.html"><a href="r.html#r-libraries"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.12</b> R libraries</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.13" data-path="r.html"><a href="r.html#stringr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.13</b> stringr</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.14" data-path="r.html"><a href="r.html#the-pipe-operator"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.14</b> The pipe operator</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.15" data-path="r.html"><a href="r.html#pipe-example"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.15</b> Pipe example</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.16" data-path="r.html"><a href="r.html#pipe-example-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.16</b> Pipe example</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="3" data-path="summary.html"><a href="summary.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3</b> Summary</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1" data-path="summary.html"><a href="summary.html#summary-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1</b> Summary</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2" data-path="summary.html"><a href="summary.html#practical-session"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2</b> Practical session</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3" data-path="summary.html"><a href="summary.html#next-lecture"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3</b> Next lecture</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4" data-path="recap-102.html"><a href="recap-102.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4</b> Recap @ 102</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1" data-path="recap-102.html"><a href="recap-102.html#previous-lecture"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1</b> Previous lecture</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2" data-path="recap-102.html"><a href="recap-102.html#this-lecture"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2</b> This lecture</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5" data-path="vectors.html"><a href="vectors.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5</b> Vectors</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1" data-path="vectors.html"><a href="vectors.html#vectors-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1</b> Vectors</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2" data-path="vectors.html"><a href="vectors.html#defining-vectors"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2</b> Defining vectors</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3" data-path="vectors.html"><a href="vectors.html#creating-vectors"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3</b> Creating vectors</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4" data-path="vectors.html"><a href="vectors.html#selection"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4</b> Selection</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.5" data-path="vectors.html"><a href="vectors.html#functions-on-vectors"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.5</b> Functions on vectors</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.6" data-path="vectors.html"><a href="vectors.html#any-and-all"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.6</b> Any and all</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6" data-path="factors.html"><a href="factors.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6</b> Factors</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1" data-path="factors.html"><a href="factors.html#factors-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1</b> Factors</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2" data-path="factors.html"><a href="factors.html#table"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2</b> table</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.3" data-path="factors.html"><a href="factors.html#specified-levels"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.3</b> Specified levels</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4" data-path="factors.html"><a href="factors.html#unordered-factors"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4</b> (Unordered) Factors</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.5" data-path="factors.html"><a href="factors.html#ordered-factors"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.5</b> Ordered Factors</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7" data-path="matrices-and-arrays.html"><a href="matrices-and-arrays.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7</b> Matrices and arrays</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1" data-path="matrices-and-arrays.html"><a href="matrices-and-arrays.html#matrices"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1</b> Matrices</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2" data-path="matrices-and-arrays.html"><a href="matrices-and-arrays.html#arrays"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2</b> Arrays</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.3" data-path="matrices-and-arrays.html"><a href="matrices-and-arrays.html#arrays-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.3</b> Arrays</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.4" data-path="matrices-and-arrays.html"><a href="matrices-and-arrays.html#selection-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.4</b> Selection</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.5" data-path="matrices-and-arrays.html"><a href="matrices-and-arrays.html#apply"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.5</b> apply</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8" data-path="lists.html"><a href="lists.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8</b> Lists</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1" data-path="lists.html"><a href="lists.html#lists-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1</b> Lists</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2" data-path="lists.html"><a href="lists.html#named-lists"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2</b> Named Lists</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.3" data-path="lists.html"><a href="lists.html#lapply"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.3</b> lapply</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9" data-path="data-frames.html"><a href="data-frames.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9</b> Data frames</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1" data-path="data-frames.html"><a href="data-frames.html#data-frames-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1</b> Data Frames</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2" data-path="data-frames.html"><a href="data-frames.html#selection-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2</b> Selection</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3" data-path="data-frames.html"><a href="data-frames.html#selection-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3</b> Selection</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4" data-path="data-frames.html"><a href="data-frames.html#value-assignment"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4</b> Value assignment</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5" data-path="data-frames.html"><a href="data-frames.html#column-processing"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5</b> Column processing</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.6" data-path="data-frames.html"><a href="data-frames.html#tibble"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.6</b> tibble</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10" data-path="summary-2.html"><a href="summary-2.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10</b> Summary</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1" data-path="summary-2.html"><a href="summary-2.html#summary-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1</b> Summary</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2" data-path="summary-2.html"><a href="summary-2.html#practical-session-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2</b> Practical session</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3" data-path="summary-2.html"><a href="summary-2.html#next-lecture-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3</b> Next lecture</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11" data-path="recap-111.html"><a href="recap-111.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11</b> Recap @ 111</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.1" data-path="recap-111.html"><a href="recap-111.html#previous-lectures"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.1</b> Previous lectures</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2" data-path="recap-111.html"><a href="recap-111.html#this-lecture-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2</b> This lecture</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="12" data-path="conditional-statements.html"><a href="conditional-statements.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12</b> Conditional statements</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.1" data-path="conditional-statements.html"><a href="conditional-statements.html#if"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.1</b> If</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.2" data-path="conditional-statements.html"><a href="conditional-statements.html#else"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.2</b> Else</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.3" data-path="conditional-statements.html"><a href="conditional-statements.html#code-blocks"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.3</b> Code blocks</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13" data-path="loops.html"><a href="loops.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13</b> Loops</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.1" data-path="loops.html"><a href="loops.html#loops-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.1</b> Loops</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2" data-path="loops.html"><a href="loops.html#while"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2</b> While</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.3" data-path="loops.html"><a href="loops.html#for"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.3</b> For</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.4" data-path="loops.html"><a href="loops.html#for-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.4</b> For</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.5" data-path="loops.html"><a href="loops.html#loops-with-conditional-statements"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.5</b> Loops with conditional statements</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14" data-path="functions-1.html"><a href="functions-1.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14</b> Functions</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.1" data-path="functions-1.html"><a href="functions-1.html#defining-functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.1</b> Defining functions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.2" data-path="functions-1.html"><a href="functions-1.html#defining-functions-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.2</b> Defining functions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.3" data-path="functions-1.html"><a href="functions-1.html#defining-functions-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.3</b> Defining functions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.4" data-path="functions-1.html"><a href="functions-1.html#more-parameters"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.4</b> More parameters</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.5" data-path="functions-1.html"><a href="functions-1.html#functions-and-control-structures"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.5</b> Functions and control structures</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.6" data-path="functions-1.html"><a href="functions-1.html#scope"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.6</b> Scope</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.7" data-path="functions-1.html"><a href="functions-1.html#example"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.7</b> Example</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15" data-path="summary-4.html"><a href="summary-4.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15</b> Summary</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.1" data-path="summary-4.html"><a href="summary-4.html#summary-5"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.1</b> Summary</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.2" data-path="summary-4.html"><a href="summary-4.html#practical-session-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.2</b> Practical session</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.3" data-path="summary-4.html"><a href="summary-4.html#next-lecture-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.3</b> Next lecture</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16" data-path="recap-201.html"><a href="recap-201.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16</b> Recap @ 201</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.1" data-path="recap-201.html"><a href="recap-201.html#previous-lectures-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.1</b> Previous lectures</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.2" data-path="recap-201.html"><a href="recap-201.html#this-lecture-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.2</b> This lecture</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17" data-path="selection-and-filtering.html"><a href="selection-and-filtering.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17</b> Selection and filtering</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.1" data-path="selection-and-filtering.html"><a href="selection-and-filtering.html#dplyr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.1</b> dplyr</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.2" data-path="selection-and-filtering.html"><a href="selection-and-filtering.html#example-dataset"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.2</b> Example dataset</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.3" data-path="selection-and-filtering.html"><a href="selection-and-filtering.html#dplyrselect"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.3</b> dplyr::select</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.4" data-path="selection-and-filtering.html"><a href="selection-and-filtering.html#dplyrselect-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.4</b> dplyr::select</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.5" data-path="selection-and-filtering.html"><a href="selection-and-filtering.html#logical-filtering"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.5</b> Logical filtering</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.6" data-path="selection-and-filtering.html"><a href="selection-and-filtering.html#conditional-filtering"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.6</b> Conditional filtering</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.7" data-path="selection-and-filtering.html"><a href="selection-and-filtering.html#filtering-data-frames"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.7</b> Filtering data frames</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.8" data-path="selection-and-filtering.html"><a href="selection-and-filtering.html#dplyrfilter"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.8</b> dplyr::filter</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18</b> Manipulate</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.1" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#dplyrarrange"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.1</b> dplyr::arrange</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.2" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#dplyrsummarise"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.2</b> dplyr::summarise</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.3" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#dplyrgroup_by"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.3</b> dplyr::group_by</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.4" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#dplyrmutate"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.4</b> dplyr::mutate</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.5" data-path="manipulate.html"><a href="manipulate.html#full-pipe-example"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.5</b> Full pipe example</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="19" data-path="summary-6.html"><a href="summary-6.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>19</b> Summary</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="19.1" data-path="summary-6.html"><a href="summary-6.html#summary-7"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>19.1</b> Summary</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="19.2" data-path="summary-6.html"><a href="summary-6.html#practical-session-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>19.2</b> Practical session</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="19.3" data-path="summary-6.html"><a href="summary-6.html#next-lecture-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>19.3</b> Next lecture</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="20" data-path="recap-202.html"><a href="recap-202.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>20</b> Recap @ 202</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="20.1" data-path="recap-202.html"><a href="recap-202.html#previous-lectures-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>20.1</b> Previous lectures</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="20.2" data-path="recap-202.html"><a href="recap-202.html#this-lecture-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>20.2</b> This lecture</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21</b> Join</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.1" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html#joining-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.1</b> Joining data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.2" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html#join-types"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.2</b> Join types</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.3" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html#example-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.3</b> Example</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.4" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html#example-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.4</b> Example</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.5" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html#dplyrfull_join"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.5</b> dplyr::full_join</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.6" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html#dplyrleft_join"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.6</b> dplyr::left_join</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.7" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html#dplyrright_join"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.7</b> dplyr::right_join</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.8" data-path="join.html"><a href="join.html#dplyrinner_join"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.8</b> dplyr::inner_join</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22" data-path="re-shape.html"><a href="re-shape.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22</b> Re-shape</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.1" data-path="re-shape.html"><a href="re-shape.html#wide-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.1</b> Wide data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.2" data-path="re-shape.html"><a href="re-shape.html#long-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.2</b> Long data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.3" data-path="re-shape.html"><a href="re-shape.html#tidyr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.3</b> tidyr</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.4" data-path="re-shape.html"><a href="re-shape.html#tidyrgather"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.4</b> tidyr::gather</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.5" data-path="re-shape.html"><a href="re-shape.html#tidyrspread"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.5</b> tidyr::spread</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="23" data-path="read-and-write.html"><a href="read-and-write.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>23</b> Read and write</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="23.1" data-path="read-and-write.html"><a href="read-and-write.html#comma-separated-values"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>23.1</b> Comma Separated Values</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="23.2" data-path="read-and-write.html"><a href="read-and-write.html#read"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>23.2</b> Read</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="23.3" data-path="read-and-write.html"><a href="read-and-write.html#write"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>23.3</b> Write</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24" data-path="summary-8.html"><a href="summary-8.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24</b> Summary</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.1" data-path="summary-8.html"><a href="summary-8.html#summary-9"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.1</b> Summary</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.2" data-path="summary-8.html"><a href="summary-8.html#practical-session-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.2</b> Practical session</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.3" data-path="summary-8.html"><a href="summary-8.html#next-lecture-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.3</b> Next lecture</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25" data-path="recap-301.html"><a href="recap-301.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25</b> Recap @ 301</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25.1" data-path="recap-301.html"><a href="recap-301.html#previous-lectures-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25.1</b> Previous lectures</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25.2" data-path="recap-301.html"><a href="recap-301.html#this-lecture-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25.2</b> This lecture</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="26" data-path="reproducibility.html"><a href="reproducibility.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>26</b> Reproducibility</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="26.1" data-path="reproducibility.html"><a href="reproducibility.html#reproduciblity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>26.1</b> Reproduciblity</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="26.2" data-path="reproducibility.html"><a href="reproducibility.html#why"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>26.2</b> Why?</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="26.3" data-path="reproducibility.html"><a href="reproducibility.html#reproducibility-and-software-engineering"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>26.3</b> Reproducibility and software engineering</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="26.4" data-path="reproducibility.html"><a href="reproducibility.html#reproducibility-and-big-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>26.4</b> Reproducibility and “big data”</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="26.5" data-path="reproducibility.html"><a href="reproducibility.html#reproducibility-in-giscience"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>26.5</b> Reproducibility in GIScience</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="26.6" data-path="reproducibility.html"><a href="reproducibility.html#document-everything"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>26.6</b> Document everything</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="26.7" data-path="reproducibility.html"><a href="reproducibility.html#document-well"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>26.7</b> Document well</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="26.8" data-path="reproducibility.html"><a href="reproducibility.html#workflow"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>26.8</b> Workflow</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="26.9" data-path="reproducibility.html"><a href="reproducibility.html#future-proof-formats"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>26.9</b> Future-proof formats</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="26.10" data-path="reproducibility.html"><a href="reproducibility.html#store-and-share"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>26.10</b> Store and share</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="26.11" data-path="reproducibility.html"><a href="reproducibility.html#this-repository"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>26.11</b> This repository</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="27" data-path="rmarkdown.html"><a href="rmarkdown.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>27</b> RMarkdown</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="27.1" data-path="rmarkdown.html"><a href="rmarkdown.html#markdown"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>27.1</b> Markdown</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="27.2" data-path="rmarkdown.html"><a href="rmarkdown.html#markdown-example-code"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>27.2</b> Markdown example code</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="27.3" data-path="rmarkdown.html"><a href="rmarkdown.html#markdown-example-output"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>27.3</b> Markdown example output</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="27.3.1" data-path="rmarkdown.html"><a href="rmarkdown.html#this-is-a-third-level-heading"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>27.3.1</b> This is a third level heading</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="27.4" data-path="rmarkdown.html"><a href="rmarkdown.html#rmarkdown-example-code"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>27.4</b> RMarkdown example code</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="27.5" data-path="rmarkdown.html"><a href="rmarkdown.html#writing-rmarkdown-docs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>27.5</b> Writing RMarkdown docs</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28" data-path="git.html"><a href="git.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28</b> Git</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.1" data-path="git.html"><a href="git.html#whats-git"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.1</b> What’s git?</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.2" data-path="git.html"><a href="git.html#how-git-works"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.2</b> How git works</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.3" data-path="git.html"><a href="git.html#three-stages"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.3</b> Three stages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.4" data-path="git.html"><a href="git.html#basic-git-commands"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.4</b> Basic git commands</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.5" data-path="git.html"><a href="git.html#git-and-rstudio"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.5</b> Git and RStudio</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29" data-path="summary-10.html"><a href="summary-10.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29</b> Summary</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.1" data-path="summary-10.html"><a href="summary-10.html#summary-11"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.1</b> Summary</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.2" data-path="summary-10.html"><a href="summary-10.html#practical-session-5"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.2</b> Practical session</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.3" data-path="summary-10.html"><a href="summary-10.html#next-lecture-5"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.3</b> Next lecture</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="30" data-path="recap-501.html"><a href="recap-501.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>30</b> Recap @ 501</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="30.1" data-path="recap-501.html"><a href="recap-501.html#previous-lectures-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>30.1</b> Previous lectures</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="30.2" data-path="recap-501.html"><a href="recap-501.html#this-lecture-5"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>30.2</b> This lecture</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31" data-path="data-visualisation.html"><a href="data-visualisation.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31</b> Data visualisation</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.1" data-path="data-visualisation.html"><a href="data-visualisation.html#visual-variables"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.1</b> Visual variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.2" data-path="data-visualisation.html"><a href="data-visualisation.html#grammar-of-graphics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.2</b> Grammar of graphics</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.3" data-path="data-visualisation.html"><a href="data-visualisation.html#ggplot2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.3</b> ggplot2</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.4" data-path="data-visualisation.html"><a href="data-visualisation.html#histograms"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.4</b> Histograms</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.5" data-path="data-visualisation.html"><a href="data-visualisation.html#histograms-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.5</b> Histograms</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.6" data-path="data-visualisation.html"><a href="data-visualisation.html#boxplots"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.6</b> Boxplots</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.7" data-path="data-visualisation.html"><a href="data-visualisation.html#boxplots-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.7</b> Boxplots</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.8" data-path="data-visualisation.html"><a href="data-visualisation.html#jittered-points"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.8</b> Jittered points</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.9" data-path="data-visualisation.html"><a href="data-visualisation.html#jittered-points-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.9</b> Jittered points</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.10" data-path="data-visualisation.html"><a href="data-visualisation.html#violin-plot"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.10</b> Violin plot</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.11" data-path="data-visualisation.html"><a href="data-visualisation.html#violin-plot-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.11</b> Violin plot</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.12" data-path="data-visualisation.html"><a href="data-visualisation.html#lines"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.12</b> Lines</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.13" data-path="data-visualisation.html"><a href="data-visualisation.html#lines-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.13</b> Lines</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.14" data-path="data-visualisation.html"><a href="data-visualisation.html#scatterplots"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.14</b> Scatterplots</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.15" data-path="data-visualisation.html"><a href="data-visualisation.html#scatterplots-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.15</b> Scatterplots</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.16" data-path="data-visualisation.html"><a href="data-visualisation.html#overlapping-points"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.16</b> Overlapping points</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.17" data-path="data-visualisation.html"><a href="data-visualisation.html#overlapping-points-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.17</b> Overlapping points</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.18" data-path="data-visualisation.html"><a href="data-visualisation.html#bin-counts"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.18</b> Bin counts</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.19" data-path="data-visualisation.html"><a href="data-visualisation.html#bin-counts-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.19</b> Bin counts</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32" data-path="descriptive-statistics.html"><a href="descriptive-statistics.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32</b> Descriptive statistics</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32.1" data-path="descriptive-statistics.html"><a href="descriptive-statistics.html#descriptive-statistics-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32.1</b> Descriptive statistics</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32.2" data-path="descriptive-statistics.html"><a href="descriptive-statistics.html#stat.desc-output"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32.2</b> stat.desc output</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32.3" data-path="descriptive-statistics.html"><a href="descriptive-statistics.html#stat.desc-basic"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32.3</b> stat.desc: basic</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32.4" data-path="descriptive-statistics.html"><a href="descriptive-statistics.html#stat.desc-desc"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32.4</b> stat.desc: desc</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32.5" data-path="descriptive-statistics.html"><a href="descriptive-statistics.html#sample-statistics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32.5</b> Sample statistics</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32.6" data-path="descriptive-statistics.html"><a href="descriptive-statistics.html#estimating-variation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32.6</b> Estimating variation</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="33" data-path="exploring-assumptions.html"><a href="exploring-assumptions.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33</b> Exploring assumptions</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33.1" data-path="exploring-assumptions.html"><a href="exploring-assumptions.html#normal-distribution"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33.1</b> Normal distribution</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33.2" data-path="exploring-assumptions.html"><a href="exploring-assumptions.html#density-histogram"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33.2</b> Density histogram</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33.3" data-path="exploring-assumptions.html"><a href="exploring-assumptions.html#q-q-plot"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33.3</b> Q-Q plot</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33.4" data-path="exploring-assumptions.html"><a href="exploring-assumptions.html#stat.desc-norm"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33.4</b> stat.desc: norm</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33.5" data-path="exploring-assumptions.html"><a href="exploring-assumptions.html#normality"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33.5</b> Normality</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33.6" data-path="exploring-assumptions.html"><a href="exploring-assumptions.html#significance"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33.6</b> Significance</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33.7" data-path="exploring-assumptions.html"><a href="exploring-assumptions.html#skewness-and-kurtosis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33.7</b> Skewness and kurtosis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33.8" data-path="exploring-assumptions.html"><a href="exploring-assumptions.html#homogeneity-of-variance"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33.8</b> Homogeneity of variance</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="34" data-path="summary-12.html"><a href="summary-12.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34</b> Summary</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="34.1" data-path="summary-12.html"><a href="summary-12.html#summary-13"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34.1</b> Summary</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="34.2" data-path="summary-12.html"><a href="summary-12.html#practical-session-6"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34.2</b> Practical session</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="34.3" data-path="summary-12.html"><a href="summary-12.html#next-lecture-6"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34.3</b> Next lecture</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="35" data-path="recap-502.html"><a href="recap-502.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35</b> Recap @ 502</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35.1" data-path="recap-502.html"><a href="recap-502.html#previous-lectures-5"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35.1</b> Previous lectures</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35.2" data-path="recap-502.html"><a href="recap-502.html#this-lecture-6"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35.2</b> This lecture</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="36" data-path="lecture-502-comparing-means.html"><a href="lecture-502-comparing-means.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>36</b> Lecture 502<br/>Comparing means</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="36.1" data-path="lecture-502-comparing-means.html"><a href="lecture-502-comparing-means.html#libraries"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>36.1</b> Libraries</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="36.2" data-path="lecture-502-comparing-means.html"><a href="lecture-502-comparing-means.html#example-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>36.2</b> Example</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="36.3" data-path="lecture-502-comparing-means.html"><a href="lecture-502-comparing-means.html#t-test"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>36.3</b> T-test</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="36.4" data-path="lecture-502-comparing-means.html"><a href="lecture-502-comparing-means.html#example-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>36.4</b> Example</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="36.5" data-path="lecture-502-comparing-means.html"><a href="lecture-502-comparing-means.html#anova"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>36.5</b> ANOVA</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="36.6" data-path="lecture-502-comparing-means.html"><a href="lecture-502-comparing-means.html#example-5"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>36.6</b> Example</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="37" data-path="lecture-502-correlation.html"><a href="lecture-502-correlation.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>37</b> Lecture 502<br/>Correlation</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="37.1" data-path="lecture-502-correlation.html"><a href="lecture-502-correlation.html#correlation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>37.1</b> Correlation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="37.2" data-path="lecture-502-correlation.html"><a href="lecture-502-correlation.html#example-6"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>37.2</b> Example</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="37.3" data-path="lecture-502-correlation.html"><a href="lecture-502-correlation.html#example-7"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>37.3</b> Example</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="37.4" data-path="lecture-502-correlation.html"><a href="lecture-502-correlation.html#pearsons-r"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>37.4</b> Pearson’s r</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="37.5" data-path="lecture-502-correlation.html"><a href="lecture-502-correlation.html#spearmans-rho"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>37.5</b> Spearman’s rho</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="37.6" data-path="lecture-502-correlation.html"><a href="lecture-502-correlation.html#kendalls-tau"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>37.6</b> Kendall’s tau</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="37.7" data-path="lecture-502-correlation.html"><a href="lecture-502-correlation.html#pairs-plot"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>37.7</b> Pairs plot</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="38" data-path="lecture-502-regression.html"><a href="lecture-502-regression.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38</b> Lecture 502<br/> Regression</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.1" data-path="lecture-502-regression.html"><a href="lecture-502-regression.html#regression-analysis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.1</b> Regression analysis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.2" data-path="lecture-502-regression.html"><a href="lecture-502-regression.html#least-squares"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.2</b> Least squares</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.3" data-path="lecture-502-regression.html"><a href="lecture-502-regression.html#example-8"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.3</b> Example</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.4" data-path="lecture-502-regression.html"><a href="lecture-502-regression.html#overall-fit"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.4</b> Overall fit</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.5" data-path="lecture-502-regression.html"><a href="lecture-502-regression.html#parameters"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.5</b> Parameters</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.6" data-path="lecture-502-regression.html"><a href="lecture-502-regression.html#checking-assumptions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.6</b> Checking assumptions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.7" data-path="lecture-502-regression.html"><a href="lecture-502-regression.html#normality-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.7</b> Normality</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.8" data-path="lecture-502-regression.html"><a href="lecture-502-regression.html#homoscedasticity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.8</b> Homoscedasticity</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="38.9" data-path="lecture-502-regression.html"><a href="lecture-502-regression.html#independence"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>38.9</b> Independence</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="39" data-path="lecture-502-summary.html"><a href="lecture-502-summary.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>39</b> Lecture 502<br/>Summary</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="39.1" data-path="lecture-502-summary.html"><a href="lecture-502-summary.html#summary-14"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>39.1</b> Summary</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="39.2" data-path="lecture-502-summary.html"><a href="lecture-502-summary.html#practical-session-7"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>39.2</b> Practical session</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="39.3" data-path="lecture-502-summary.html"><a href="lecture-502-summary.html#next-lecture-7"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>39.3</b> Next lecture</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="40" data-path="recap-601.html"><a href="recap-601.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>40</b> Recap @ 601</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="40.1" data-path="recap-601.html"><a href="recap-601.html#previous-lectures-6"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>40.1</b> Previous lectures</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="40.2" data-path="recap-601.html"><a href="recap-601.html#this-lecture-7"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>40.2</b> This lecture</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="41" data-path="lecture-601-machine-learning.html"><a href="lecture-601-machine-learning.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41</b> Lecture 601<br/>Machine Learning</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41.1" data-path="lecture-601-machine-learning.html"><a href="lecture-601-machine-learning.html#definition"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41.1</b> Definition</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41.2" data-path="lecture-601-machine-learning.html"><a href="lecture-601-machine-learning.html#origines"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41.2</b> Origines</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41.3" data-path="lecture-601-machine-learning.html"><a href="lecture-601-machine-learning.html#types-of-machine-learning"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41.3</b> Types of machine learning</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41.4" data-path="lecture-601-machine-learning.html"><a href="lecture-601-machine-learning.html#supervised"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41.4</b> Supervised</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41.5" data-path="lecture-601-machine-learning.html"><a href="lecture-601-machine-learning.html#unsupervised"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41.5</b> Unsupervised</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41.6" data-path="lecture-601-machine-learning.html"><a href="lecture-601-machine-learning.html#more"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41.6</b> … more</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41.7" data-path="lecture-601-machine-learning.html"><a href="lecture-601-machine-learning.html#neural-networks"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41.7</b> Neural networks</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41.8" data-path="lecture-601-machine-learning.html"><a href="lecture-601-machine-learning.html#deep-neural-networks"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41.8</b> Deep neural networks</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41.9" data-path="lecture-601-machine-learning.html"><a href="lecture-601-machine-learning.html#convolutional-neural-networks"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41.9</b> Convolutional neural networks</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="41.10" data-path="lecture-601-machine-learning.html"><a href="lecture-601-machine-learning.html#limits"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>41.10</b> Limits</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="42" data-path="lecture-601-clustering.html"><a href="lecture-601-clustering.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>42</b> Lecture 601<br/>Clustering</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="42.1" data-path="lecture-601-clustering.html"><a href="lecture-601-clustering.html#clustering-task"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>42.1</b> Clustering task</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="42.2" data-path="lecture-601-clustering.html"><a href="lecture-601-clustering.html#example-9"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>42.2</b> Example</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="42.3" data-path="lecture-601-clustering.html"><a href="lecture-601-clustering.html#k-means"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>42.3</b> k-means</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="42.4" data-path="lecture-601-clustering.html"><a href="lecture-601-clustering.html#k-means-result"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>42.4</b> K-means result</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="42.5" data-path="lecture-601-clustering.html"><a href="lecture-601-clustering.html#fuzzy-c-means"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>42.5</b> Fuzzy c-means</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="42.6" data-path="lecture-601-clustering.html"><a href="lecture-601-clustering.html#fuzzy-c-means-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>42.6</b> Fuzzy c-means</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="42.7" data-path="lecture-601-clustering.html"><a href="lecture-601-clustering.html#fuzzy-c-means-result"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>42.7</b> Fuzzy c-means result</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="42.8" data-path="lecture-601-clustering.html"><a href="lecture-601-clustering.html#hierarchical-clustering"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>42.8</b> Hierarchical clustering</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="42.9" data-path="lecture-601-clustering.html"><a href="lecture-601-clustering.html#clustering-tree"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>42.9</b> Clustering tree</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="42.10" data-path="lecture-601-clustering.html"><a href="lecture-601-clustering.html#hierarchical-clustering-result"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>42.10</b> Hierarchical clustering result</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="42.11" data-path="lecture-601-clustering.html"><a href="lecture-601-clustering.html#bagged-clustering"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>42.11</b> Bagged clustering</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="42.12" data-path="lecture-601-clustering.html"><a href="lecture-601-clustering.html#bagged-clustering-result"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>42.12</b> Bagged clustering result</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="42.13" data-path="lecture-601-clustering.html"><a href="lecture-601-clustering.html#density-based-clustering"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>42.13</b> Density based clustering</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="42.14" data-path="lecture-601-clustering.html"><a href="lecture-601-clustering.html#dbscan-result"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>42.14</b> DBSCAN result</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="42.15" data-path="lecture-601-clustering.html"><a href="lecture-601-clustering.html#geodemographic-classifications"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>42.15</b> Geodemographic classifications</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="43" data-path="lecture-601-summary.html"><a href="lecture-601-summary.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>43</b> Lecture 601<br/>Summary</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="43.1" data-path="lecture-601-summary.html"><a href="lecture-601-summary.html#summary-15"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>43.1</b> Summary</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="43.2" data-path="lecture-601-summary.html"><a href="lecture-601-summary.html#practical-session-8"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>43.2</b> Practical session</a></li>
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<i class="fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin"></i><a href="./">Geographic data science reproducible teaching resource in R<br/>Lecture materials</a>
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<h1><span class="header-section-number">25</span> Recap @ 301</h1>
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<h2><span class="header-section-number">25.1</span> Previous lectures</h2>
<p>Moving from programming to data science</p>
<ul>
<li>Basic types and variables</li>
<li>The pipe operator</li>
<li>Complex data types</li>
<li>Data wrangling
<ul>
<li>Data selection</li>
<li>Data filtering</li>
<li>Data manipulation</li>
<li>Join operations</li>
<li>Table re-shaping</li>
<li>Read and write data</li>
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<h2><span class="header-section-number">25.2</span> This lecture</h2>
<p>Reproducibility in (geographic) data science</p>
<ul>
<li>What is reproducible data analysis?
<ul>
<li>why is it important?</li>
<li>software engineering</li>
<li>practical principles</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Tools
<ul>
<li>Markdown</li>
<li>RMarkdown</li>
<li>Git</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<p>See also: <a href="https://www.crcpress.com/Reproducible-Research-with-R-and-R-Studio/Gandrud/p/book/9781498715379">Christopher Gandrud, <em>Reproducible Research with R and R Studio</em></a> also available <a href="https://github.com/christophergandrud/Rep-Res-Book">on GitHub</a></p>
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