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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
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<title>Unit 1 - Gregg Shorthand</title>
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<td width="79%" colspan="2" class="text"><p align="center"><strong>CHAPTER
I</strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong>Unit 1</strong></p>
<p> <strong><a name="p1" id="p1">1.</a></strong>
Shorthand is written by <em>sound</em>; thus <em>aim</em> is written
<em>am</em> (long sound of <em>a</em>), <em>cat</em> is written
<em>kat</em>, <em>knee</em> is written <em>ne</em>. Since
we are learning shorthand to save time in writing, it is necessary
to ignore those letters that aren't pronounced.</p>
<p align="center"><strong>Consonants</strong></p>
<p> <strong><a name="p2" id="p2">2.</a></strong>
The consonants are arranged in pairs, according to their similarity
of sound, and are distinguished by a difference in length. For
instance, <em>k</em> and <em>g</em> are both produced in the same
place in the mouth and likewise resemble each other in shorthand.<br />
The characters for the consonants in this lesson
are derived from this elliptical figure: <img src="images/gregg001.gif" alt="Horizontal oval, bisected twice" width="53" height="21" /></p>
<p align="center"><img src="images/gregg002.gif" alt="Forward alphabet" width="371" height="217" /></p>
<p> <strong><a name="p3" id="p3">3.</a></strong>
All these consonants are written <em>forward</em> from left to right;
<em>th</em> and <em>t</em> and <em>d</em> are struck <em>upwards</em>
from the line of writing. The <em>g</em> given in this lesson
is called <em>gay</em>, being the hard sound as in <em>game</em>,
<em>get</em>, and not the soft sound heard in <em>gem</em>, <em>magic</em>. The aspirate <em>h</em> is indicated by a dot placed over
the vowel. <br />
Many frequently recurring words are represented
by simple alphabetic characters. These abbreviations are called <em>brief forms</em>. Some of these signs represent
two and even three words; for example, the sign for <em>r</em> represents
<em>are</em>, <em>our</em>, <em>hour</em>. A dot on the line
of writing represents the articles <em>a</em>, <em>an</em>. A
dot at the end of a word expresses <em>-ing</em>. The pronoun
<em>I</em> is expressed by a large circle (written counterclockwise); <em>he</em>, by a small
circle.<br />
The student should practice all these characters
until he or she can write them without the slightest hesitation. Let us examine more closely the curve letters <em>k</em>, <em>g</em>, <em>r</em>, and <em>l</em>.</p>
<p align="center"><img src="images/sd001.gif" width="300" height="156" alt="K, G, R, L" /></p>
<p align="left"> Each of these strokes begins and ends on the same plane. The beginning and the end of <em>k</em> and <em>g</em> rest on the line of writing. <em>R</em> and <em>l</em> rest on the line of writing as a saucer would rest on a table.<br />
The deep part of the curve in <em>k</em> and in <em>g</em> is at the end; in <em>r</em> and <em>l</em>, at the beginning, as indicated by arrows.<br />
<em>K</em> and <em>r</em> are the same size. The same is true of <em>g</em> and <em>l</em>.<br />
Correctly written, <em>r</em> and <em>l</em> look like <em>k</em> and <em>g</em> when the paper is turned upside down.<br />
The sounds represented by lines are <em>n</em>, <em>m</em>, <em>t</em>, and <em>d</em>:</p>
<p align="center"><img src="images/sd014.gif" width="252" height="156" alt="n, m, t, d" /></p>
<p align="left"> Even though <em>d</em> is about twice the length of <em>t</em>, <em>d</em> should only go up about two thirds of the line of writing.</p>
<p align="left"> <strong><a name="p4" id="p4">4.</a>
Phrasing.</strong> The joining of simple words is a great
help to accuracy and speed in writing shorthand, and its acquirement
should not be deferred until the habit of writing common words separately
has been formed.</p>
<p align="center"> <img src="images/gregg003.gif" alt="Phrases" width="360" height="19" /> </p>
<p align="left"> <strong><a name="p5" id="p5">5.</a>
Punctuation, etc.</strong> In shorthand the following marks
are used:</p>
<p align="center"><img src="images/gregg004.gif" alt="Punctuation" width="376" height="52" />
</p>
<p align="center"> <strong><a name="p6" id="p6">6.</a> Sentence Drill</strong><br />
<img src="images/gregg005.gif" alt="Sentence Drill" width="384" height="135" /> </p>
<p align="left"> <strong><a name="p7" id="p7">7.</a></strong>
In shorthand there are twelve distinct vowel sounds, which are arranged
in four groups, and three closely related sounds are placed in each
group. In this lesson we have the first two groups, which for
convenience are named the A group and the E group.</p>
<p align="center">Memory aid: <img src="images/gregg006.gif" alt="Ways to remember a and e strokes" width="182" height="26" /></p>
<p align="center">The A Group<br />
<img src="images/gregg007.gif" alt="a vowel markings" width="246" height="123" /> </p>
<p align="center">The E Group<br />
<img src="images/gregg008.gif" alt="e vowel markings" width="245" height="125" /> </p>
<p align="left"> Note: The first sound in the E
group of vowels is the short <em>i</em>, heard in <em>din</em>,
and should not be confused with long <em>i</em>, heard in <em>dine</em>,
which will be given later.</p>
<p align="left"> <strong><a name="p8" id="p8">8.</a>
Marking Vowels.</strong> The vowels are grouped according
to similarity in sound. The large circle expresses three sounds
of <em>a</em>. The short sound is unmarked, the medium sound
is marked with a dot, and the long sound with a short dash, as shown
in paragraph 7. This system of marking is used in all vowel
groups uniformly.<br />
The dot and dash are occasionally needed to
indicate the exact sounds in unfamiliar or isolated words, but otherwise
they are seldom used.</p>
<p align="center"><strong>Picturing Writing Motion</strong></p>
<p align="left"> <strong><a name="p9" id="p9">9.</a></strong>
Frequently we shall have to refer to writing motion. The curved
characters in this lesson are taken from horizontal ovals, one written
with <em>right</em> motion, the other with <em>left</em>. The
right motion is clockwise; the left, counterclockwise.</p>
<p align="center"><img src="images/gregg009.gif" alt="Writing motion direction" width="378" height="49" /></p>
<p align="left"> <strong><a name="p10" id="p10">10.</a></strong>
Characters taken from the left-motion oval are called <em>left-motion</em>,
because the rotation is <em>from left to right</em>; characters
taken from the right-motion oval are called <em>right-motion</em>
for a like reason; thus:</p>
<p align="center"><img src="images/gregg010.gif" alt="right motion compared to left-motion strokes" width="378" height="49" /></p>
<p align="left"> The terms "left motion"
and "right motion" refer to the <em>rotation</em> in movement,
and not to the <em>direction</em>.</p>
<p align="center"><strong>How Circles Are Joined</strong></p>
<p align="left"> The following movement drills
are intended to develop skill in the joining of circles.</p>
<p align="left"> <strong><a name="p11" id="p11"></a>11. Circles Joined to Single Strokes.</strong> At the beginning
or end of a single curve, the circle is placed <em>inside</em> the
curve. Let us examine more closely how to join a circle to a curve, using <em>a-k</em>, <em>a-g</em>, <em>r-a</em>, and <em>l-a</em>.</p>
<p align="center"><img src="images/sd002.gif" width="300" height="142" alt="Ak, Ag, Ra, La" /></p>
<p align="left"> The dotted line shows the position of the circle in relation to the curve. (Remember, the dotted line in <em>r-a</em> and <em>l-a</em> does <em>not</em> represent the line of writing. The <em>base</em> of the <em>r</em> and of the <em>l</em> rests on the line of writing.)<br />
The circle joins at a right angle, shown by the arrows above.</p>
<p align="center"><img src="images/gregg011.gif" alt="How circles are joined to single strokes" width="375" height="165" /></p>
<p align="left"><br />
Practice with the following sentences:</p>
<p align="center"><img src="images/sd004.gif" alt="Practice" width="400" height="82" /></p>
<p align="left"><em>Key</em>: He lay there in the air. I cannot go. I will not go. Ray is ill. He cannot hear Lee.</p>
<p align="left"> <strong><a name="p12" id="p12"></a>12.</strong>
At the beginning or end of a single straight stroke, the circle
is written with <em>right</em> motion. Observe closely the joinings <em>a-d</em>, <em>d-a</em>, <em>a-m</em>, and <em>m-a</em>.</p>
<p align="center"><img src="images/sd003.gif" width="494" height="91" alt="Ad, Da, Am, Ma" /></p>
<p align="left"> In joining the circle to a straight line, start and finish as shown by the dotted lines. Keep straight lines absolutely straight.</p>
<p align="center"><img src="images/gregg012.gif" alt="How vowels join to straight strokes" width="375" height="165" /></p>
<p align="left">Practice with the following sentences:</p>
<p align="center"><img src="images/sd005.gif" width="528" height="88" alt="Practice" /></p>
<p align="left"><em>Key</em>: I am aiming at him. I hit him in the knee. Eddy is aiming at me. He hit me in the head.</p>
<p align="center"><strong><a name="p13" id="p13"></a>13. Reading and
Dictation Practice</strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong><img src="images/gregg013.gif" alt="Reading and Dictation Practice" width="384" height="511" /></strong></p>
<p align="center"><a href="bfd01.html"><strong>Brief Form Drill for this Unit</strong></a></p>
<p align="center"><a href="trpanu01.html"><em>Transcription Key to
this Unit</em></a><strong><br />
<a href="anunit02.html">- Next Unit -</a></strong></p>
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<a href="anprface.html">Preface</a><br />
<a href="anaboutg.html">About Gregg Shorthand</a><br />
<a href="aneditor.html">Editor's Note</a><br />
<a href="antwtbgr.html">A Talk with the Beginner</a><br />
<a href="analphbt.html"> The Alphabet</a><br />
Chapter I<br />
<a href="anunit01.html">Unit 1</a><br />
<a href="anunit02.html">Unit 2</a><br />
<a href="anunit03.html">Unit 3</a><br />
Chapter II<br />
<a href="anunit04.html">Unit 4</a><br />
<a href="anunit05.html">Unit 5</a><br />
<a href="anunit06.html">Unit 6</a><br />
Chapter III<br />
<a href="anunit07.html">Unit 7</a><br />
<a href="anunit08.html">Unit 8</a><br />
<a href="anunit09.html">Unit 9</a><br />
Chapter IV<br />
<a href="anunit10.html">Unit 10</a><br />
<a href="anunit11.html">Unit 11</a><br />
<a href="anunit12.html">Unit 12</a><br />
Chapter V<br />
<a href="anunit13.html">Unit 13</a><br />
<a href="anunit14.html">Unit 14</a><br />
<a href="anunit15.html">Unit 15</a><br />
Chapter VI<br />
<a href="anunit16.html">Unit 16</a><br />
<a href="anunit17.html">Unit 17</a><br />
<a href="anunit18.html">Unit 18</a><br />
Chapter VII<br /> <a href="anunit19.html">Unit 19</a><br /> <a href="anunit20.html">Unit 20</a><br /> <a href="anunit21.html">Unit 21</a><br /> Chapter VIII<br />
<a href="anunit22.html">Unit 22</a><br />
<a href="anunit23.html">Unit 23</a><br />
<a href="anunit24.html">Unit 24</a><br />
Chapter IX<br />
<a href="anunit25.html">Unit 25</a><br />
<a href="anunit26.html">Unit 26</a><br />
<a href="anunit27.html">Unit 27</a><br />
Chapter X<br />
<a href="anunit28.html">Unit 28</a><br />
<a href="anunit29.html">Unit 29</a><br />
<a href="anunit30.html">Unit 30</a><br />
Chapter XI<br />
<a href="anunit31.html">Unit 31</a><br />
<a href="anunit32.html">Unit 32</a><br />
<a href="anunit33.html">Unit 33</a><br />
Chapter XII<br />
<a href="anunit34.html">Unit 34</a><br />
<a href="anunit35.html">Unit 35</a><br />
<a href="anunit36.html">Unit 36 </a>
<p><a href="anindex.html">Index</a></p>
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