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<td width="79%" colspan="2" class="text"><p align="center"><strong>CHAPTER
II</strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong>Unit 4</strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong>The Downward Characters</strong></p>
<p align="left"> <a name="p34" id="p34"></a><strong>34.</strong>
The characters for the consonants in this chapter are derived
from another elliptical figure:<img src="images/gregg033.gif" alt="Vertical ellipse, bisected" width="41" height="45" align="top" /></p>
<p align="center"><img src="images/gregg034.gif" alt="Downward characters" width="384" height="170" /></p>
<p align="left"> <strong><a name="p35" id="p35"></a>35.</strong>
All these character are written downward. <em>Ch</em>
is named <em>chay</em>, and <em>sh</em> is named <em>ish</em>. The
signs for <em>sh</em> and <em>s</em> are very small. As <em>s</em>
is one of the most frequent sounds in the language, two signs are
provided for it to facilitate joining in various combinations. The
following memory aids will be useful:</p>
<p align="center"><img src="images/gregg035.gif" alt="Memory aids." width="246" height="51" /></p>
<p align="left"> Let us have a closer look at the curve strokes <em>left s</em>, <em>p</em>, <em>b</em>, <em>right s</em>, <em>f</em>, and <em>v</em>:</p>
<p align="center"><img src="images/sd016.gif" alt="S, P, B; S, F, V" width="401" height="116" /></p>
<p align="left"> The dotted line shows the slant of the strokes as well as the relation of the beginning of the outline to the end. The deep part of the curve comes at the end of <em>left s</em>, <em>p</em>, and <em>b</em>; at the beginning of right <em>s</em>, <em>f</em>, and <em>v</em> as indicated by arrows. In your writing, observe very carefully the proportion of these strokes. <em>B</em> and <em>v</em> should span most of the space between the lines, but not all of it. The middle stokes <em>p</em> and <em>f</em> should span about half of the space between the lines. Both strokes for <em>s</em> only span a quarter of the space. Practice the proportions with the following sentences:</p>
<p align="center"><img src="images/sd018.gif" width="400" height="80" alt="Practice Sentences for left-motion curve letters" /></p>
<p align="left"><em>Key</em>: He put his key by his hat. Will you have Ray get it for Lee? It is getting late.</p>
<p align="left"> Observe how to join a circle to these consonants with <em>b-a</em>, <em>a-v</em>; <em>a-b</em>, <em>v-a</em>:</p>
<p align="center"><img src="images/sd020.gif" width="224" height="213" alt="Ba, Av, Ab, Va" /></p>
<p align="left"> The <em>a</em> in <em>b-a</em> and <em>a-v</em> is fairly round; in <em>a-b</em> and <em>v-a</em>, it is more of a loop. Be sure that the a joins as indicated by the arrows and does not retrace any part of the consonant. If you turn the page upside down, <em>b-a</em> will look like <em>a-v</em>; <em>a-v</em>, like <em>b-a</em>; <em>a-b</em>, like <em>v-a</em>; and <em>v-a</em>, like <em>a-b</em>.<br />
Let us examine how to join a circle between same-motion strokes like <em>p</em> and <em>r</em> and between <em>k</em> and <em>f</em>:</p>
<p align="center"><img src="images/sd021.gif" width="250" height="79" alt="Par, Kaf" /></p>
<p align="left"> The dotted line indicates the relation of the circle to the other strokes. The circle should join so smoothly that if it were removed, the consonants would form a continuous curve. If you have written an accurate outline, when you turn your page upside down, <em>k-a-f</em> will look like <em>p-a-r</em>; <em>p-a-r</em>, like <em>k-a-f</em>.<br />
Let us examine how to join a circle between opposite-motion strokes like <em>f</em> and <em>r</em> and like <em>f</em> and <em>l</em>:</p>
<p align="center"><img src="images/sd022.gif" width="237" height="62" alt="Far, Fal" /></p>
<p align="left"> As the <em>a</em> is being completed, it should start to come <em>down</em> before it reaches the <em>f</em>. In other words, the <em>r</em> or <em>l</em> should be started before the circle is completed as indicated by the arrow.<br />
Let us examine how to join a circle between very acute angles, looking at <em>d-a-sh</em> and <em>sh-a-d</em>:</p>
<p align="center"><img src="images/sd023.gif" width="188" height="93" alt="Dash, Shade" /></p>
<p align="left"> The vowel here becomes a loop, or a more elongated circle. Both the sh and d are slightly extended in order to accommodate the loop. If you were to turn these outlines upside down, shade would become a perfect copy of dash, and vice versa.</p>
<p align="center"><strong>Consonant Combinations</strong></p>
<p align="left"> <strong><a name="p36" id="p36"></a>36.</strong>
Many of the consonants follow each other consecutively; for
example, <em>r</em> and <em>l</em> frequently follow <em>p</em>,
<em>b</em>, as in <em>play</em>, <em>brave</em>. As skill
in writing such combinations is essential to speed and accuracy,
the following movement drills should be practiced until fluency
is secured.</p>
<p align="left"> <strong><a name="p37" id="p37"></a>37.
Pr and Pl.</strong> In writing <em>pr</em> and <em>pl</em>,
start to the left. These combinations are written with one sweep of the pen. At the beginning of these combinations, the hand moves from the right to the left; it does not move immediately down.</p>
<p align="center"><img src="images/gregg036.gif" alt="Pr and Pl." width="395" height="179" /></p>
<p align="left"> Practice with the following sentences:</p>
<p align="center"><img src="images/sd017.gif" width="400" height="71" alt="Practice Sentences for pr, pl" /></p>
<p align="left"><em>Key</em>: His helper placed the wrapper in the paper plate. The player will come by plane.</p>
<p align="left"> <strong><a name="p38" id="p38"></a>38.
Br and Bl.</strong> In writing <em>br</em> and <em>bl</em>,
start down. These combinations are also written with one sweep of the pen. At the beginning of these combinations, the hand starts immediately <em>down</em> instead of to the left, as <em>pr</em> and <em>pl</em> do.</p>
<p align="center"><img src="images/gregg037.gif" alt="Br and bl." width="387" height="189" /></p>
<p align="left"> Practice with the following sentences:</p>
<p align="center"><img src="images/sd019.gif" width="400" height="88" alt="Practice sentences" /></p>
<p align="left"><em>Key</em>: His neighbor teaches members to play bridge. His bridge lesson was brief. He is not able to play well.</p>
<p align="left"> <strong><a name="p39" id="p39"></a>39.
Fr and Fl.</strong> In writing the combinations <em>fr</em>
and <em>fl</em>, the angle is rounded to give fluency. The
motion is just the same as in writing a part of the longhand <em>y</em>.</p>
<p align="center"><img src="images/gregg038.gif" alt="Fr and fl" width="391" height="145" /></p>
<p align="center"><strong><a name="p40" id="p40"></a>40. Frequent-Word
Drill</strong></p>
<p align="center"><img src="images/gregg039.gif" alt="Frequent Word Drill" width="377" height="451" /></p>
<p align="center"><strong><a name="p41" id="p41"></a>41. Brief
Forms for Common Words</strong></p>
<p align="center"><img src="images/gregg040.gif" alt="Brief Forms" width="399" height="183" /></p>
<p align="left"> *The sign for the prefix <em>over</em>
written above a following character is used to express the word
<em>over</em>.</p>
<p align="left"> <strong><a name="p42" id="p42"></a>42.
</strong>As a prefix, <em>after</em> is expressed by <em>af</em>.
In compounds, <em>every</em> is expressed by <em>ev</em>.</p>
<p align="left"> <strong><a name="p43" id="p43"></a>43.</strong>
The word <em>been</em> following <em>have</em>, <em>has</em>,
<em>had</em> is phrased and is expressed by <em>b</em>:</p>
<p align="center"><img src="images/gregg041.gif" alt="Helping verb phrases" width="348" height="57" /></p>
<p align="left"> Note: The <em>h</em> dot in <em>has</em>,
<em>had</em>, <em>him</em>, <em>himself</em>, <em>her</em>, and
<em>herself</em> may be omitted in fast writing.</p>
<p align="center"><strong><a name="p44" id="p44"></a>44. Business
Abbreviations</strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong><img src="images/gregg042.gif" alt="Business abbreviations" width="384" height="72" /></strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong><a name="p45" id="p45"></a>45. Reading
and Dictation Practice</strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong><img src="images/gregg043.gif" alt="Reading and Dictation Practice" width="383" height="531" /></strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong><a href="bfd04.html">Brief Form Drill for this unit</a></strong></p>
<p align="center"><a href="trpanu04.html"><em>Transcription Key to
this Unit</em></a><strong><br />
<a href="anunit05.html">- Next Unit -</a></strong></p></td>
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<a href="anprface.html">Preface</a><br />
<a href="anaboutg.html">About Gregg Shorthand</a><br />
<a href="aneditor.html">Editor's Note</a><br />
<a href="antwtbgr.html">A Talk with the Beginner</a><br />
<a href="analphbt.html"> The Alphabet</a><br />
Chapter I<br />
<a href="anunit01.html">Unit 1</a><br />
<a href="anunit02.html">Unit 2</a><br />
<a href="anunit03.html">Unit 3</a><br />
Chapter II<br />
<a href="anunit04.html">Unit 4</a><br />
<a href="anunit05.html">Unit 5</a><br />
<a href="anunit06.html">Unit 6</a><br />
Chapter III<br />
<a href="anunit07.html">Unit 7</a><br />
<a href="anunit08.html">Unit 8</a><br />
<a href="anunit09.html">Unit 9</a><br />
Chapter IV<br />
<a href="anunit10.html">Unit 10</a><br />
<a href="anunit11.html">Unit 11</a><br />
<a href="anunit12.html">Unit 12</a><br />
Chapter V<br />
<a href="anunit13.html">Unit 13</a><br />
<a href="anunit14.html">Unit 14</a><br />
<a href="anunit15.html">Unit 15</a><br />
Chapter VI<br />
<a href="anunit16.html">Unit 16</a><br />
<a href="anunit17.html">Unit 17</a><br />
<a href="anunit18.html">Unit 18</a><br />
Chapter VII<br /> <a href="anunit19.html">Unit 19</a><br /> <a href="anunit20.html">Unit 20</a><br /> <a href="anunit21.html">Unit 21</a><br /> Chapter VIII<br />
<a href="anunit22.html">Unit 22</a><br />
<a href="anunit23.html">Unit 23</a><br />
<a href="anunit24.html">Unit 24</a><br />
Chapter IX<br />
<a href="anunit25.html">Unit 25</a><br />
<a href="anunit26.html">Unit 26</a><br />
<a href="anunit27.html">Unit 27</a><br />
Chapter X<br />
<a href="anunit28.html">Unit 28</a><br />
<a href="anunit29.html">Unit 29</a><br />
<a href="anunit30.html">Unit 30</a><br />
Chapter XI<br />
<a href="anunit31.html">Unit 31</a><br />
<a href="anunit32.html">Unit 32</a><br />
<a href="anunit33.html">Unit 33</a><br />
Chapter XII<br />
<a href="anunit34.html">Unit 34</a><br />
<a href="anunit35.html">Unit 35</a><br />
<a href="anunit36.html">Unit 36 </a>
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