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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
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<div class="text" style="color: #FFFFFF"> A Web Site dedicated to the
perpetuation of Gregg’s Light-Line Phonography</div></td>
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<td width="79%" colspan="2" class="text"><h3 align="center"><strong>CHAPTER
NINE </strong> </h3>
<p align="center"><strong>JOINED VOWELS AS SPEED FACTORS</strong></p>
<p class="j"> If one were to collect
even a tithe of all the articles that have been written setting
forth the advantages of joined vowels, the result would be a volume
of very imposing dimensions. While I was going over much that has
been written on the subject for the purpose of finding some of the
quotations which have been given in previous chapters, it struck
me as remarkable that in all the discussions there was hardly a
reference to the gains in <em>brevity</em> or in speed secured by
the use of joined vowels.<br />
<strong>Joined Vowels Contribute to
Brevity. —</strong> The gains in legibility from the use of
joined vowels have been emphasized over and over again, as well
as the gains in simplicity through “writing the sounds in
their natural order as they occur.” These gains are very obvious.
But, while the gains in speed from the inclusion of the vowels are
not quite so obvious—especially to those who have not written
a joined-vowel system—they are very real and very important.
It is my observation that even many of those who write a joined-vowel
system do not appreciate fully the many ways in which joined vowels
contribute to brevity of outline.<br />
For that reason I shall try to make
clear some of the ways in which joined vowels contribute to brevity
of form, beginning with the most obvious one.<br />
<strong>The Abbreviating Principle.
—</strong> Even writers of disjoined-vowel systems concede
that the insertion of vowels permits of an extensive use of a very
natural method of abbreviation which can be applied only to an extremely
limited extent in. systems in which the vowels are disjoined. In
referring to this, Mr. Thomas Anderson, author of “The History
of Shorthand,” said:</p>
<blockquote>
<p class="j"> The natural way to abbreviate
our words in the spelling is to give the first portion of them
accurately; thus, for example, <em>ety</em> is a better abbreviation
for <em>etymological</em> than <em>tmlgkl</em>, because it is
both rational and sufficient, and so is <em>ery</em> for <em>erysipelas</em>;
so with others of kind. The accurate and invariable presence of
the vowels is the cardinal merit of Gurney’s system and
has attracted millions to the coffers of that firm, W. B. Gurney
& Sons.</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="j"> While the illustrations
given by Mr. Anderson do not appeal to us very much, as the words
are unusual, his statement of the matter is sound.<br />
A teacher recently wrote us:</p>
<blockquote>
<p class="j"> The following words occur
in a book which is now lying open before me: “In long words
only so much need be written as will afford an easy clue.”
You may think this was written by a Gregg writer; but you will
be wrong. These words are written with respect to Pitman’s
Shorthand! They occur in “German Shorthand” an adaptation
of Pitman s Shorthand to the German language. It is the abbreviating
principle set forth in as simple language as one could possibly
wish for.</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="j"> Obviously the reason why
Pitmanic writers do not make greater use of the abbreviating principle
is that this valuable and natural method of abbreviating cannot
be used advantageously to any great extent in a system in which
the vowels are omitted.<br />
<em>The Journalist</em> (London) for
February 18, 1887, in a review of systems, put it very well:</p>
<blockquote>
<p class="j"> We confess that at one
time joined-vowel systems had no charms for us. …<br />
There is another point about joined-vowel
systems which is certainly overlooked by the partial critic, and
that is the power of abbreviation by using half the word for the
whole. When a system which relies wholly on unpronounceable consonants
attempts this method, it ignominiously fails. But when, as in
the connective-vowel systems, the vowel can be shown where the
word is broken off, the plan can be advantageously adopted.</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="j"> The Pitmanic systems use
the principle where it is possible for them to do so, which is not
very often. The greatest of the many “improvers” of
Pitmanic shorthand, Andrew J. Graham, in his “Hand-Book of
Standard Phonography” (p. 120), says:</p>
<p> <em>Apocope</em> is the elision of
some of the final letters of the word.</p>
<p class="j"> As illustrations he gives
<em>impos</em>- for <em>impossible</em>, <em>impossibility</em>;
<em>prac</em>- for <em>practicable</em>, <em>practicability</em>.
(That is carrying the principle much farther than is done in Gregg
Shorthand.)<br />
And on the next page he says:</p>
<blockquote>
<p class="j"> An affix-sign, especially
when it cannot be conveniently joined, may be omitted by the reporter
whenever its omission would not seriously endanger the legibility
of his writing; thus, <em>com-ens</em>, <em>commencement</em>;
<em>ray-en-jay</em>, <em>arrangement</em>; <em>ned-stend</em>,
<em>understanding</em>; <em>iths-gay</em>, <em>thanksgiving</em>;
<em>for-gay</em>, <em>forgiving</em>; <em>lev-kind</em>, <em>loving
kindness</em>.</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="j"> Mr. Oliver McEwan, who
was for many years a well-known exponent of Isaac Pitman’s
Shorthand, in an article in the <em>Shorthand and Typewriting News</em>,
said:</p>
<blockquote>
<p class="j"> Skillful writers are
in the habit of contracting lengthy words of frequent occurrence
by abbreviating them to the first syllable, or the first two syllables,
or to a sufficient number of syllables to clearly indicate what
the word intended is. For instance, <em>benevolent</em>
is clearly indicated by writing merely the first two syllables—<em>benev.</em>,
<em>dignity</em> is sufficiently represented by means of the letters
<em>dig</em>. So the shorthand inventor finds, ready at
hand the most convenient means of contracting lengthy words without
in any degree sacrificing legibility.<br />
It is possible for two words to
have the same outline and still not clash. Words will never clash
unless they are of the same part of speech, the same gender, number,
and case. You will see, then, that we reduce the possibility of
clashing to the smallest possible compass. <em>Dg</em>—
representing <em>dignity</em>, also represents <em>dig</em>, <em>dug</em>,
but it will be impossible for any sane shorthand writer to experience
difficulty in deciding which of these words is intended by the
outline <em>dg—</em> the context will clearly indicate which
word is intended.</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="j"><br />
<strong>A Graphic Illustration. —</strong>
In the course of an exposition of our system before a teachers’
association in England Mr. T. S. Halton emphasized the value of
the abbreviating principle, and in doing so he made use of a new
and excellent illustration. He said:</p>
<blockquote>
<p class="j"> Take the word <em>rhinoceros</em>.
Pitman writes <em>rnsrs</em>, Gregg writes <em>rinos</em>—
diphthong <em>i</em> and the accent on the <em>nos</em>.
Now any ordinary person can recognize a rhinoceros by its head
and shoulders, but it takes a skilled anatomist to recognize it
from its skeleton and dry bones.</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="j"> We cannot recall a more
vivid and convincing way of stating the matter that is contained
in this illustration.<br />
The abbreviating principle is marvelously
simple, marvelously adaptable, and marvelously effective. It is
the principle over which Pitmanic writers become most enthusiastic
when they master our system. As it is a new thing to them—and
contrary to previous practice in a system based on the idea of expressing
consonants and not vowels—they usually view it with misgivings
at first. Perhaps this is why they are so enthusiastic about it
later when they find that not only were their misgivings without
foundation, but that the principle is so valuable. Writers of the
system who have <em>not</em> written a Pitmanic system previously
are sometimes puzzled to know why “converts” to our
system are so enthusiastic about the Abbreviating Principle; to
them the application of it is so natural and easy that they give
it no more thought than they do to the turning of an electric light
switch.<br />
<strong>Its “Exhaustless Power.”
—</strong> Referring to this timidity about the Abbreviating
Principle on the part of those who, like himself, had used Pitmanic
shorthand for many years, Mr. Charles M. Miller, of New York, in
his address as the first President of the Gregg Shorthand Association
of America—after narrating his experiences in changing from
Pitmanic shorthand after having written it professionally for more
than twenty years, paid an eloquent tribute to the abbreviating
principle. He said: “I have found the abbreviating principle
of the system, and the power that lies behind it, the most fascinating
of studies. . . . Now that it is so simple to me, and I know its
exhaustless power, I want you to know it as well.”<br />
In the previous article we quoted
the views of one of the most respected of the London professional
reporters, Mr. Thomas Hill, who has written Pitman Shorthand for
more than thirty-five years. I repeat one paragraph, as it applies
to this subject:</p>
<blockquote>
<p class="j"> An incidental benefit
arising from the use of joined vowels is that it enables the first
syllable or two of a long word to be used in many cases with safety
to represent the whole word, and puts into the hands of an experienced
writer a means of extemporizing contractions without risk of illegibility.
The clipping of words after this manner has been in use probably
from the earliest days of shorthand, but a system in which connective
vowels are used gives the best opportunities for carrying out
this method of abbreviation.</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="j"> In the introduction to
a series of articles on “Abbreviations” in <em>Pitman’s
Journal</em>, Mr. E. A. Cope, in speaking of “the abbreviating
instinct,” said:</p>
<blockquote>
<p class="j"> Mankind has always been
addicted to shortcuts, given to striving to save time and labor.
. . .<br />
It took the word “omnibus”
and reduced it to “bus.” It curtailed “cabriolet”
and left us with the irreducible syllable “cab.” It
cut down “tramway-car” to “tram,” and
is converting “perambulator” into “pram.”
It refused to tolerate “taximeter-cab” and insisted
on saying “taxi.” Even “motor-car” was
too long for it, and it substituted “motor.” “Pianoforte”
it deprived of its final syllable, giving us the familiar “piano.”
It dethroned “bicycle” in favor of “bike.”
And when the vivacious medical student insists on calling the
“Criterion” the “Cri” and the “Pavilion”
the Pay,” he is following a succession of well-established
precedents.</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="j"> This confirms in a very
striking way Mr. Anderson’s statement that this method of
abbreviation is the most natural that can be applied.<br />
<strong>A Poetical Illustration.
—</strong> The beauty, practicability, and <em>power</em>
of the “abbreviating principle” is graphically shown
in the following poem by Mr. Harry Graham, which appeared in the
<em>Century Magazine</em> several years ago, just after President
Roosevelt had issued his famous order in regard to spelling reform.<br />
We do not know whether Mr. Graham
is a writer of the system or not, but he has assuredly grasped the
genius of the abbreviating principle. There is not an abbreviated
word in it that is not instantly recognizable. Even with the verse
dealing with golf—which to many is a technical subject—such
words as “hazard,” “niblick,” “Haskell,”
and “bunker” are unmistakable to any one of ordinary
sense.<br />
Such a principle is possible only
in a system like ours where the essential vowels are an unmistakable
part of the form. Vowels are what give the life, vividness, and
“voice” to words, make them speak out truly and clearly.
A mere consonant outline is nothing—”unspeakable,”
because you can’t pronounce it. An outline made up of the
consonants in a word only is but a skeleton of “dry bones.”
The vowels add red blood, flesh, and sinew. They make the word a
thing of life. And the simplicity of the abbreviating principle
is one of its greatest charms. You are not hampered by rules, restricted
and confused by exceptions. You simply write the part of the word
that is unmistakably suggestive.</p>
<p align="center"><strong>CONVERSATIONAL REFORM</strong></p>
<blockquote>
<p class="j">When Theo: Roos: unfurled his bairn:<br />
As Pres: of an immense Repub:<br />
And sought to manufact: a plan<br />
For saving people troub:<br />
His mode of spelling (termed phonet:)<br />
Affec: my brain like an emet:</p>
<p class="j">And I evolved a scheme (pro tem.)<br />
To simplify my mother-tongue,<br />
That so in fame I might resem:<br />
Upt: Sine:, who wrote “The Jung:<br />
And rouse an interest enorm:<br />
In conversational reform.</p>
<p class="j">I grudge the time my fellows waste<br />
Completing words that are so comm:<br />
Wherever peop: of cult: and taste<br />
Habitually predom:<br />
‘Twould surely tend to simpli: life<br />
Could they but be curtailed a trif:</p>
<p class="j">For is not “Brev: the soul of Wit”?<br />
(Inscribe this mott: upon your badge)<br />
The sense will never sufl: a bit,<br />
If left to the imag:<br />
Since any pers: can see what’s meant<br />
By words so simp: as “husb:” or “gent:”</p>
<p class="j">When at some meal (at din: for inst:)<br />
You hand your unc: an empty plate,<br />
Or ask your aunt (that charming spinst:)<br />
To pass you the potat:,<br />
They have too much sagac:, I trust,<br />
To give you sug: or pepp: or must:</p>
<p class="j">If you require a slice of mutt:<br />
You’ll find the selfsame princ: hold good,<br />
Nor get, instead of bread and butt:,<br />
Some tapioca pudd:,<br />
Nor vainly bid some boon-compan:<br />
Replen: with Burg: his vacant can.</p>
<p class="j">At golf, if your oppon: should ask<br />
Why in a haz: your nib: is sunk,<br />
And you explain your fav’rite Hask:<br />
Lies buried in a bunk:,<br />
He cannot very well misund:<br />
That you (poor fooz:) have made a blund:</p>
<p class="j">If this is prob:—nay, even cert<br />
My scheme at once becomes attrac:<br />
And I (pray pard: a litt: impert:)<br />
A public benefac:<br />
Who saves his fellow-man and neighb:<br />
A deal of quite unnecess: lab:</p>
<p class="j">Gent: Reader, if to me you’ll list:<br />
And not be irritab: or peev:,<br />
You’ll find it of tremend: assist:<br />
This habit of abbrev:,<br />
Which grows like some infect: disease,<br />
Like chron: paral: or German meas:</p>
<p class="j">And ev’ry living human bipe:<br />
Will feel his heart grow grate: and warm<br />
As he becomes the by: discip:<br />
Of my partic: reform,<br />
(Which don’t confuse with that, I beg,<br />
Of Brander Matth: or And. Carneg:)</p>
<p class="j">“‘T is not in mort: to comm: success,”<br />
As Shakes: remarked; but if my meth:<br />
Does something to dimin: or less:<br />
The expend: of public breath,<br />
My country, overcome with grat:,<br />
Should in my hon: erect a stat:</p>
<p class="j">My bust by Rod: (what matt: the cost?)<br />
Shall be exhib:, devoid of charge,<br />
With (in the Public Lib: at Bost:)<br />
My full-length port: by Sarge:<br />
That thous: from Pitts: or Wash: may swarm<br />
To worsh: the Found: of this Reform.</p>
<p class="j">Meanwhile I seek with some avid:<br />
The fav: of your polite consid:</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="j"> <strong>Disjoined Prefixes
and Suffixes. —</strong> Disjoined-vowel systems, in which
dots and dashes are used for vowels, are limited to consonant strokes
for the representation of prefixes and suffixes. With the exception
of the dot for <em>con</em> these signs are not available in such
systems for the expression of prefixes or suffixes—since the
dots and dashes, if used for prefixes, might be read as vowels.
(Incidentally as <em>shaded</em> strokes are not good material for
prefixes or suffixes, few <em>consonant</em> signs are available
for the expression of prefixes or suffixes in shaded, disjoined-vowel
systems.)<br />
In joined-vowel systems the signs
for <em>both</em> consonants and vowels may be used for the expression
of prefixes and suffixes, thus obtaining great brevity of form for
many long words. In Gregg Shorthand, for instance, we use the following
vowel-signs for both prefixes and suffixes:</p>
<table width="80%" border="0" align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="text">
<tr>
<td>(1) a small circle</td>
<td>(4) a large loop</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>(2) a large circle</td>
<td>(5) an upward hook</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>(3) a small loop</td>
<td>(6) a downward hook</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><div align="center">(7) a hook on its side</div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class="j"> To get the full significance
of this, it should be remembered that these signs can be used for
both prefixes and suffixes. In addition, we can use combinations
of these, joined in their natural order, to form derivatives of
<em>both</em> prefixes and suffixes, particularly suffixes.<br />
<strong>Joined Prefixes Definitely
Indicated. —</strong> On account of the fact that at the beginning
of words certain consonants cannot be pronounced with other consonants
without an intervening vowel, many joined prefixes are possible
in a joined-vowel system which are not possible in a disjoined vowel
system. The fact that there is no vowel between the first
and second consonant in a joined-vowel system indicates clearly
that the consonant represents a prefix. In Gregg Shorthand,
for instance, <em>for</em> and <em>fore</em> are expressed by <em>f</em>.
When the writer sees <em>f-most</em> he knows that <em>f</em> is
<em>for</em> or <em>fore</em> because <em>fm</em> could not be sounded
with a vowel between them, therefore, the word is read as foremost.
So, too, with <em>f-noon</em>, for <em>forenoon</em>, and other
words in which <em>for</em> or <em>fore</em> occur. To take
another illustration: <em>con</em> and <em>com</em> are expressed
by <em>k</em>, and the writer on seeing <em>k-ply</em> knows that
the form must be <em>comply</em>, because <em>k</em> and <em>p</em>
cannot be sounded with a vowel: therefore it must be <em>com</em>;
and it cannot be <em>con</em> because <em>con</em> never occurs
before <em>p</em> or <em>b</em>. We might go on illustrating
this with other joined prefixes.<br />
This cannot be done in a disjoined-vowel
system because in practice the vowels are omitted.<br />
<strong>Joined Suffixes Definitely
Indicated. —</strong> What was said about the absence of a
vowel in a joined-vowel system indicating a joined prefix applies
equally well to joined suffixes. When a writer sees <em>breth-l</em>
(<em>breathless</em>) he knows that the <em>l</em> stands for <em>less</em>,
because otherwise there would be a vowel-sign between the <em>th</em>
and the <em>l</em>; <em>bash-f</em> must be <em>bashful</em> for
the same reason, <em>achev-m</em> must be <em>achievement</em>,
and so on with the other suffixes.<br />
This cannot be done in a disjoined-vowel
system because the vowels are omitted in practice.<br />
<strong>Vowel Indication. —</strong>
Someone has remarked in a semi-humorous vein that one of the advantages
of joined vowels is that their omission indicates them! Paradoxical
as it may seem, the statement is true, when applied under definite
rules in a joined-vowel system.<br />
Take, for example, the rule in Gregg
Shorthand for the omission of u and ow before n and m. The outline
<em>r-nd</em> could not be anything but <em>rund</em> or <em>round</em>.
The writer knows that in that combination <em>r</em> and <em>n</em>
cannot be sounded without an intervening vowel; and he knows, too,
that if it were <em>rind</em>, <em>rend</em>, <em>rand</em>, <em>rond</em>,
<em>ruined</em>, the vowel would appear in the outline; therefore,
the form must either be <em>rund</em> or <em>round</em>—and
there is no such word as <em>rund</em>. If the form is <em>gr-nd</em>,
he knows it must be <em>ground</em>, because the vowel would be
written in <em>grand</em>, <em>grinned</em>, <em>groaned</em>, <em>grind</em>.
Many other illustrations could be given.<br />
<strong>Wordsigns Made Distinctive.—</strong>
The wordsigns, “grammalogues” and “logograms”
of the disjoined-vowel systems are very unreliable because there
is no expression to them on account of the omission of the vowels.<br />
A wordsign or “grammalogue”
consisting of one or two consonants may stand not only for the particular
contraction given in the list, but also for many other words in
which vowels are omitted in rapid writing.<br />
The “logograms” are mere
dots and dashes dependent upon shading and upon their position—purely
arbitrary contractions that must be memorized.<br />
All of this is eliminated in a joined-vowel
system. The insertion of a vowel—the addition of a facile
circle or hook requiring hardly any effort—not only clearly
distinguishes the word forms but gives <em>sound</em>—life—to
the word, which enables the student to <em>learn</em> the particular
form without any trouble. As illustrations: <em>ab</em> for
<em>about</em>, <em>af</em> for <em>after</em>, <em>bo</em> for
<em>body</em>, <em>col</em> for <em>collect</em>, <em>cre</em> for
<em>credit</em>, <em>edu</em> for <em>educate</em>, <em>ev</em>
for <em>every</em>, <em>fa</em> for <em>far</em>, <em>fi</em> for
<em>find</em>, <em>fo</em> for <em>follow</em>, <em>fu</em> for
<em>full</em>, <em>gi</em> for <em>give</em>, <em>ime</em> for <em>immediate</em>,
<em>loo</em> for <em>look</em>, <em>mo</em> for <em>most</em>, <em>na</em>
for <em>name</em>, <em>rep</em> for <em>reply</em>, <em>res</em>
for <em>respect</em>, <em>ri</em> for <em>right</em>, <em>si</em>
for <em>side</em>, <em>shu</em> for <em>sure</em>, <em>tha</em>
for <em>that</em>, <em>to</em> for <em>told</em>, <em>ve</em> for
<em>very</em>. The ease with which such abbreviations can
be learned is obvious, and it is also obvious that they are distinctive.<br />
As Mr. Peter Vogel said, “The
number of possible outlines can be greatly multiplied by the use
or absence of a vowel, and so relieve consonant outlines from congestion
and make them more definite.”<br />
<strong>Phrase-writing Power Increased.
—</strong> The phrase-forms in a joined-vowel system are much
more distinctive than in a disjoined-vowel system. In a disjoined-vowel
system many word-forms and phrases look alike because in <em>both</em>
word-forms and phrase-forms the vowels are omitted; therefore, the
need of distinguishing between word and phrase-forms limits the
extent to which phrase-writing may be used. In a joined-vowel system
the absence of vowels in most cases indicates that the form is a
phrase. For example, when a writer of Gregg Shorthand sees
<em>f-t-l-b</em>—all “unpronounceable consonants”—he
knows that it is the phrase, <em>for it will be</em>; it cannot
possibly be a word.<br />
Again the insertion of the vowels
opens a field of abbreviation in the modification of word-forms
for words that occur in many common phrases; thus<em> k</em> may
be used for <em>week</em> because <em>this-k</em>, <em>last-k</em>,
<em>past-k</em>, <em>next-k</em> are all absolutely clear.<br />
<strong>Consistency and Simplicity
in Word-Building and in Forming Derivatives. —</strong> One
very great gain from the insertion of the vowels is the natural
and logical manner in which derivatives are formed. The necessity
for distinguishing word-forms consisting of mere consonants compels
disjoined-vowel systems to depart from logical word-building principles
in forming derivatives of many words. This is not necessary in joined-vowel
systems. Simplicity of mental effort in word-building contributes
enormously to speed.<br />
<strong>Elimination of Long Lists
of “Words Distinguished.” —</strong> All disjoined-vowel
systems contain long lists of “distinguished outlines,”
words with the same consonants but different vowels, in which it
is necessary to distinguish in some arbitrary way: by a change in
the form of the word; by “position”; or by the insertion
of a vowel. The memorizing of these lists is admittedly one
of the hardest tasks that confronts the student-and the lists must
be mastered or “clashes” of a serious nature will result
in transcribing. The Isaac Pitman “Centenary Instructor”
contains no less than fifteen closely-printed pages of such outlines
and the list is not complete! To take a few examples at random:<br />
<em>Str</em> expresses <em>satire</em>,
<em>star</em>, <em>stare</em>, <em>steer</em>, <em>starry</em>,
<em>story</em>, <em>stray</em>, <em>Austria</em>, <em>astray</em>,
<em>astir</em>, <em>austere</em>, <em>estuary</em>, <em>oyster</em>,
and<em> Easter</em>. In order to distinguish the forms for
each of these words different forms for <em>s</em>, for <em>str</em>,
for <em>r</em> are called into use; there is no consistency, no
logical word-building principle.<br />
<em>Prprt</em> represents <em>appropriate</em>,
<em>property</em>, <em>propriety</em>, <em>purport</em>;<br />
<em>Prch</em> represents <em>approach</em>,
<em>preach</em>, <em>parch</em>, <em>porch</em>, <em>perch</em>;<br />
<em>Dtr</em> represents <em>daughter</em>,
<em>auditor</em>, <em>debtor</em>, <em>doubter</em>, <em>editor</em>,
<em>dietary</em>, <em>auditory</em>, <em>deter</em>, <em>detour</em>.<br />
And so on almost <em>ad infinitum</em>.<br />
There are very few words in a joined-vowel
system that need to be distinguished by special forms—the
insertion of the vowels provide the distinction in almost every
case.<br />
Rapidity in shorthand writing depends
upon the promptness with which the correct form is conceived or
recalled by the brain. It is very obvious that if the student
has to memorize long lists of words that must be distinguished arbitrarily—many
of such words being written for that purpose <em>contrary to rule</em>—there
will be hesitancy in recalling them. When the mind is relieved
of that burden, through joined vowels, there is an enormous gain
in the promptness with which the forms are recalled and written.<br />
I believe that in this is to be found
the chief reason why so many young writers of Gregg Shorthand, in
the speed contests conducted by the National Shorthand Reporters’
Association have surpassed the records made by experienced Pitmanic
reporters of more than double their age and experience—records
that have never been made, or even approached, by Pitmanic writers
of their age or experience.</p>
<p align="center">- <a href="basicp12.html">Chapter Ten</a> -</p></td>
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</table></td>
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<tr>
<td valign="top">
<a href="anprface.html">Preface</a><br />
<a href="anaboutg.html">About Gregg Shorthand</a><br />
<a href="aneditor.html">Editor's Note</a><br />
<a href="antwtbgr.html">A Talk with the Beginner</a><br />
<a href="analphbt.html"> The Alphabet</a><br />
Chapter I<br />
<a href="anunit01.html">Unit 1</a><br />
<a href="anunit02.html">Unit 2</a><br />
<a href="anunit03.html">Unit 3</a><br />
Chapter II<br />
<a href="anunit04.html">Unit 4</a><br />
<a href="anunit05.html">Unit 5</a><br />
<a href="anunit06.html">Unit 6</a><br />
Chapter III<br />
<a href="anunit07.html">Unit 7</a><br />
<a href="anunit08.html">Unit 8</a><br />
<a href="anunit09.html">Unit 9</a><br />
Chapter IV<br />
<a href="anunit10.html">Unit 10</a><br />
<a href="anunit11.html">Unit 11</a><br />
<a href="anunit12.html">Unit 12</a><br />
Chapter V<br />
<a href="anunit13.html">Unit 13</a><br />
<a href="anunit14.html">Unit 14</a><br />
<a href="anunit15.html">Unit 15</a><br />
Chapter VI<br />
<a href="anunit16.html">Unit 16</a><br />
<a href="anunit17.html">Unit 17</a><br />
<a href="anunit18.html">Unit 18</a><br />
Chapter VII<br /> <a href="anunit19.html">Unit 19</a><br /> <a href="anunit20.html">Unit 20</a><br /> <a href="anunit21.html">Unit 21</a><br /> Chapter VIII<br />
<a href="anunit22.html">Unit 22</a><br />
<a href="anunit23.html">Unit 23</a><br />
<a href="anunit24.html">Unit 24</a><br />
Chapter IX<br />
<a href="anunit25.html">Unit 25</a><br />
<a href="anunit26.html">Unit 26</a><br />
<a href="anunit27.html">Unit 27</a><br />
Chapter X<br />
<a href="anunit28.html">Unit 28</a><br />
<a href="anunit29.html">Unit 29</a><br />
<a href="anunit30.html">Unit 30</a><br />
Chapter XI<br />
<a href="anunit31.html">Unit 31</a><br />
<a href="anunit32.html">Unit 32</a><br />
<a href="anunit33.html">Unit 33</a><br />
Chapter XII<br />
<a href="anunit34.html">Unit 34</a><br />
<a href="anunit35.html">Unit 35</a><br />
<a href="anunit36.html">Unit 36 </a>
<p><a href="anindex.html">Index</a></p>
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