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<section id="tutorial-subprocess-strings">
<span id="tutorial-subproc-strings"></span><h1>Tutorial: Subprocess Strings<a class="headerlink" href="#tutorial-subprocess-strings" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
<p>Strings in xonsh follow two simple rules:</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li><p>Strings in xonsh are always parsed in the same way, and</p></li>
<li><p>Python always wins!</p></li>
</ol>
<p>Together these rules mean that <strong>even strings in subprocess mode are treated
like Python strings!</strong> This will (help) preserve your sanity.</p>
<section id="no-escape">
<h2>No Escape<a class="headerlink" href="#no-escape" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>Xonsh strings are exactly like Python strings everywhere. Xonsh uses
exactly the same escape characters that Python does; no more and no less.
This is different from other shells, which have a different set of escape
sequences than Python has. Notably, many sh-langs allow you to escape
spaces with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"\</span> <span class="pre">"</span></code> (backslash-space).</p>
<p><strong>bash</strong></p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">echo</span><span class="w"> </span>A<span class="se">\ </span>Single<span class="se">\ </span>Argument
A<span class="w"> </span>Single<span class="w"> </span>Argument
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>In the above example, since the spaces are escaped, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">echo</span></code> command
only receves a single argument. Xonsh does not allow this. If you were
to try this in xonsh, you’d see:</p>
<p><strong>xonsh</strong></p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">echo</span><span class="w"> </span>Actually<span class="se">\ </span>Three<span class="se">\ </span>Arguments
Actually<span class="se">\ </span>Three<span class="se">\ </span>Arguments
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>In this example, echo recives three arguments:: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"Actually\\"</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"Three\\"</span></code>,
and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"Arguments"</span></code>. Instead, xonsh requires you to use quotes in order to
pass in a single argument:</p>
<p><strong>xonsh</strong> or <strong>bash</strong></p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">echo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"A Single Argument"</span>
A<span class="w"> </span>Single<span class="w"> </span>Argument
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Using quotes is arguably what should have been done in sh-lang in the
first place.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>When in doubt in subprocess mode, use quotes!</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="justification">
<h2>Justification<a class="headerlink" href="#justification" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>The reasons for not having additional escape sequences, as in sh-langs, are:</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li><p>Escape charaters can get overwhemlingly ugly, fast.</p></li>
<li><p>We have escape characters, they are called quotes :)</p></li>
<li><p>We have literal input in subprocess mode via macros.</p></li>
</ol>
<p>On this last point, if you don’t already know about
<a class="reference external" href="tutorial_macros.html#subprocess-macros">Subprocess Macros</a>,
these allow all input following an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">!</span></code> to be treated as a single argument.
For example,</p>
<p><strong>xonsh</strong></p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$<span class="w"> </span>echo!<span class="w"> </span>A<span class="w"> </span>Single<span class="w"> </span>Argument
A<span class="w"> </span>Single<span class="w"> </span>Argument
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Subprocess macros are the ultimate escape mechanism.</p>
</section>
<section id="the-quotes-stay">
<h2>The Quotes Stay<a class="headerlink" href="#the-quotes-stay" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>In sh-langs, internal quote characters are removed. For instance:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">echo</span><span class="w"> </span>foo<span class="s2">"bar"</span>baz
foobarbaz
$<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">echo</span><span class="w"> </span>--key<span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"value"</span>
--key<span class="o">=</span>value
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Xonsh considers this behavior suboptimal. Instead, xonsh treats these
arguments as if they were surrounded in another, outer level of
quotation (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'foo"bar"baz'</span></code>). Xonsh will keep the quotation marks
when leading and trailing quotes are not matched.</p>
<p><strong>xonsh</strong></p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">echo</span><span class="w"> </span>foo<span class="s2">"bar"</span>baz
foo<span class="s2">"bar"</span>baz
$<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">echo</span><span class="w"> </span>--key<span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"value"</span>
--key<span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"value"</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You can think of these being equivalent to,</p>
<p><strong>xonsh</strong></p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">echo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'foo"bar"baz'</span>
foo<span class="s2">"bar"</span>baz
$<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">echo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'--key="value"'</span>
--key<span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"value"</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This is yet another major point of departure for xonsh from traditional
shells. However, the xonsh subprocess string handling is
consistent and predictable.</p>
</section>
<section id="further-reading">
<h2>Further Reading<a class="headerlink" href="#further-reading" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>For deeper details on the great string debate, please feel free to read
and comment at:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/xonsh/xonsh/issues/1432">To Quote or Not Quote</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/xonsh/xonsh/issues/621">Quote removal in subprocess mode does not behave as expected</a></p></li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Tutorial: Subprocess Strings</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#no-escape">No Escape</a></li>
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