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<section id="tutorial-extensions-xontribs">
<span id="tutorial-xontrib"></span><h1>Tutorial: Extensions (Xontribs)<a class="headerlink" href="#tutorial-extensions-xontribs" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
<p>Take a deep breath and prepare for some serious Show & Tell; it’s time to
learn about xonsh extensions!</p>
<p>Xonsh comes with some default set of extensions. These can be viewed <a class="reference internal" href="api/_autosummary/xontribs/xontrib.html#module-xontrib" title="xontrib"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">here</span></code></a>.</p>
<p>Also checkout the list of <a class="reference external" href="https://xonsh.github.io/awesome-xontribs/">Awesome Contributions</a>
from the community.</p>
<section id="overview">
<h2>Overview<a class="headerlink" href="#overview" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>Xontributions, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xontribs</span></code>, are a set of tools and conventions for
extending the functionality of xonsh beyond what is provided by default. This
allows 3rd party developers and users to improve their xonsh experience without
having to go through the xonsh development and release cycle.</p>
<p>Many tools and libraries have extension capabilities. Here are some that we
took inspiration from for xonsh:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a>: Extensions are just Python modules,
bundles some extensions with the main package, interface is a list of
string names.</p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://ipython.readthedocs.io/en/stable/config/extensions/index.html">IPython</a>: Extensions are just Python modules
with some special functions to load/unload.</p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="http://ohmyz.sh/">Oh My Zsh</a>: Centralized registry, autoloading, and
for a shell.</p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="http://eslint.org/">ESLint</a>: Ability to use language package manager
to install/remove extensions.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="structure">
<h2>Structure<a class="headerlink" href="#structure" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>Xontribs are modules with some special functions written
in either xonsh (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*.xsh</span></code>) or Python (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*.py</span></code>).</p>
<p>Here is a template:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">xonsh.built_ins</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">XonshSession</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">_load_xontrib_</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xsh</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">XonshSession</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="nb">dict</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""</span>
<span class="sd"> this function will be called when loading/reloading the xontrib.</span>
<span class="sd"> Args:</span>
<span class="sd"> xsh: the current xonsh session instance, serves as the interface to manipulate the session.</span>
<span class="sd"> This allows you to register new aliases, history backends, event listeners ...</span>
<span class="sd"> **kwargs: it is empty as of now. Kept for future proofing.</span>
<span class="sd"> Returns:</span>
<span class="sd"> dict: this will get loaded into the current execution context</span>
<span class="sd"> """</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">_unload_xontrib_</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xsh</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">XonshSession</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="nb">dict</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""If you want your extension to be unloadable, put that logic here"""</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This _load_xontrib_() function is called after your extension is imported,
and the currently active <a class="reference internal" href="api/_autosummary/cmd/xonsh.built_ins.html#xonsh.built_ins.XonshSession" title="xonsh.built_ins.XonshSession"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xonsh.built_ins.XonshSession</span></code></a> instance is passed as the argument.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>Xontribs without <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_load_xontrib_</span></code> are still supported.
But when such xontrib is loaded, variables listed
in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__all__</span></code> are placed in the current
execution context if defined.</p>
</div>
<p>Normally, these are stored and found in an
<a class="reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0420/">implicit namespace package</a>
called <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xontrib</span></code>. However, xontribs may be placed in any package or directory
that is on the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$PYTHONPATH</span></code>.</p>
<p>If a module is in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xontrib</span></code> namespace package, it can be referred to just
by its module name. If a module is in any other package, then it must be
referred to by its full package path, separated by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.</span></code> like you would in an
import statement. Of course, a module in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xontrib</span></code> may be referred to
with the full <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xontrib.myext</span></code>. But just calling it <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">myext</span></code> is a lot shorter
and one of the main advantages of placing an extension in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xontrib</span></code>
namespace package.</p>
<p>Here is a sample file system layout and what the xontrib names would be:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">|-</span> <span class="n">xontrib</span><span class="o">/</span>
<span class="o">|-</span> <span class="n">javert</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">xsh</span> <span class="c1"># "javert", because in xontrib</span>
<span class="o">|-</span> <span class="n">your</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="c1"># "your",</span>
<span class="o">|-</span> <span class="n">eyes</span><span class="o">/</span>
<span class="o">|-</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span>
<span class="o">|-</span> <span class="n">scream</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">xsh</span> <span class="c1"># "eyes.scream", because eyes is in xontrib</span>
<span class="o">|-</span> <span class="n">mypkg</span><span class="o">/</span>
<span class="o">|-</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="c1"># a regular package with an init file</span>
<span class="o">|-</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="c1"># not a xontrib</span>
<span class="o">|-</span> <span class="n">show</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="c1"># "mypkg.show", full module name</span>
<span class="o">|-</span> <span class="n">tell</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">xsh</span> <span class="c1"># "mypkg.tell", full module name</span>
<span class="o">|-</span> <span class="n">subpkg</span><span class="o">/</span>
<span class="o">|-</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span>
<span class="o">|-</span> <span class="n">done</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="c1"># "mypkg.subpkg.done", full module name</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You can also use the <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/xonsh/xontrib-cookiecutter">xontrib template</a> to easily
create the layout for your xontrib package.</p>
</section>
<section id="loading-xontribs">
<h2>Loading Xontribs<a class="headerlink" href="#loading-xontribs" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>Xontribs may be loaded in a few different ways: from the <a class="reference external" href="xonshrc.rst">xonshrc</a> file
(e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~/.xonshrc</span></code>), dynamically at runtime with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xontrib</span></code> command, or its Python API.</p>
<p>Extensions are loaded via the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xontrib</span> <span class="pre">load</span></code> command.
This command may be run from anywhere in a <a class="reference external" href="xonshrc.rst">xonshrc</a> file or at any point
after xonsh has started up.</p>
<div class="highlight-xonsh notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">xontrib</span> load myext mpl mypkg.show
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The same can be done in Python as well</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">xonsh.xontribs</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">xontribs_load</span>
<span class="n">xontribs_load</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s1">'myext'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'mpl'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'mypkg.show'</span><span class="p">])</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>A xontrib can be unloaded from the current session using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xontrib</span> <span class="pre">unload</span></code></p>
<div class="highlight-xonsh notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">xontrib</span> unload myext mpl mypkg.show
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Xontribs can use <a class="reference external" href="https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/userguide/entry_point.html?highlight=entrypoints">setuptools entrypoints</a>
to mark themselves available for autoloading using the below format.</p>
<div class="highlight-ini notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">[options.entry_points]</span>
<span class="na">xonsh.xontribs</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="na">xontrib_name</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">path.to.the.module</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Here the module should contain <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_load_xontrib_</span></code> function as described above.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>Please make sure that importing the xontrib module and calling <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_load_xontrib_</span></code> is fast enough.
Otherwise it will affect the shell’s startup time.
Any other imports or heavy computations should be done in lazy manner whenever possible.</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="listing-known-xontribs">
<h2>Listing Known Xontribs<a class="headerlink" href="#listing-known-xontribs" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>In addition to loading extensions, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xontrib</span></code> command also allows you to
list the installed xontribs. This command will report if they are loaded
in the current session. To display this
information, pass the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list</span></code> action to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xontrib</span></code> command:</p>
<div class="highlight-xonshcon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">xontrib</span> <span class="nb">list</span>
<span class="go">mpl not-loaded</span>
<span class="go">myext not-loaded</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>For programmatic access, you may also have this command print a JSON formatted
string:</p>
<div class="highlight-xonshcon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">xontrib</span> <span class="nb">list</span> <span class="o">--</span><span class="n">json</span> <span class="n">mpl</span>
<span class="go">{"mpl": {"loaded": false, "installed": true}}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="authoring-xontribs">
<h2>Authoring Xontribs<a class="headerlink" href="#authoring-xontribs" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>Writing a xontrib is as easy as writing a xonsh or Python file and sticking
it in a directory named <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xontrib/</span></code>. However, please do not place an
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__init__.py</span></code> in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xontrib/</span></code> directory. It is an
<em>implicit namespace package</em> and should not have one. See
<a class="reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0420/">PEP 420</a> for more details.</p>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p>Do not place an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__init__.py</span></code> in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xontrib/</span></code> directory!</p>
</div>
<p>If you plan on using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*.xsh</span></code> files in you xontrib, then you’ll
have to add some hooks to distutils, setuptools, pip, etc. to install these
files. Try adding entries like the following entries to your <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup()</span></code> call
in your <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">setuptools</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">setup</span>
<span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">ImportError</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">distutils.core</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">setup</span>
<span class="n">setup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">packages</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'xontrib'</span><span class="p">],</span>
<span class="n">package_dir</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'xontrib'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'xontrib'</span><span class="p">},</span>
<span class="n">package_data</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'xontrib'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'*.xsh'</span><span class="p">]},</span>
<span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Something similar can be done for any non-xontrib package or sub-package
that needs to distribute <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*.xsh</span></code> files.</p>
</section>
<section id="tell-us-about-your-xontrib">
<h2>Tell Us About Your Xontrib!<a class="headerlink" href="#tell-us-about-your-xontrib" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>We request that you register your xontrib with us.
We think that will make your contribution more discoverable.</p>
<p>To register a xontrib, create a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PullRequest</span></code> at
<a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/xonsh/awesome-xontribs">Awesome-xontribs</a>
repository. Also, if you use Github to host your code,
please add <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/topics/xonsh">xonsh</a> and <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/topics/xontrib">xontrib</a>
to the topics.</p>
<p>All of this let’s users know that your xontrib is out there, ready to be used.
Of course, you’re under no obligation to register your xontrib. Users will
still be able to load your xontrib, as long as they have it installed.</p>
<p>Go forth!</p>
</section>
</section>
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<ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Tutorial: Extensions (Xontribs)</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#overview">Overview</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#structure">Structure</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#loading-xontribs">Loading Xontribs</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#listing-known-xontribs">Listing Known Xontribs</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#authoring-xontribs">Authoring Xontribs</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tell-us-about-your-xontrib">Tell Us About Your Xontrib!</a></li>
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